• President’s Desk  — False Accusations

• Skin Health:  — Nutritional Support for Ultraviolet Protection, Aging Skin, Rosacea, and Other Dermatological Concerns

• Food and Environmental Allergies  — Controlling The Body’s Burden

• L-Theanine:  — Unique Anxiety Reducer and Mood Enhancer

• Intestinal Integrity:  — A Guide to Maintaining Colon Health

• NUTRITION REVIEW  — 

• Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue
• Back Spasms
• Ventricular Tachycardia
• Tinnitus
• Autism
• Swollen Lymph Nodes
• Stress and Adrenal Dysfunction
• Irregular Heartbeat

It’s frustrating when a nutritional supplement is falsely accused of causing harm. Consequently, when Congress threatens to create a supportive environment for anyone who wants to unjustly malign a beneficial nutrient, it’s particularly troublesome to me and to people who spend their time absorbing the massive quantities of research that support the safe use of nutritional supplements. Senators Hatch, Harkin, Kennedy, and Durbin are preparing to introduce a bill that will require all nutritional supplement companies to report all "adverse event complaints" to the FDA. What’s wrong with this proposed bill? First, it doesn’t require that the complaining party swear to the truth of the "facts" alleged. It doesn’t provide a punishment for those who file false complaints. It doesn’t require proof of causality as a condition before the FDA conducts an investigation of the company or compels the company to prove its product safe. It doesn’t require a medical doctor to evaluate the complained symptoms and doesn’t give the supplement company access to medical records or information from the person complaining in order to test the complaint’s legitimacy. In addition, the proposed bill would leave in place the FDA’s current practice of posting all adverse events on its website without first requiring proof that the complaint is accurate or that the product is the cause of the alleged harm. The result is a bill that’s unfair to both consumers and supplement companies, alike. The bill will enable any person with ill intentions who wishes to do harm to a dietary supplement seller to file bogus complaints without fear of retaliation. The result: supplements you use regularly suddenly become illegal based on false information. Therefore, I urge you to write your senators and ask them to oppose the upcoming Adverse Events Reporting Bill. By doing so, we can once again work together to protect our Health Freedom.

While it is tempting to think of skin as being almost separate from the rest of us, skin is actually the largest organ of our bodies. It is divided into two parts: the epidermis and the dermis. The outermost portion of the skin, the epidermis continually renews itself. Keratinocytes (also called squamous cells) are formed in the innermost layer of the epidermis and produce a substance (keratin) that helps protect the skin. Gradually, these keratinocytes pass from the deepest layer to the surface and are shed—a process that takes from 45 to 75 days. Our skin’s condition is integrally tied to our emotional health. Acne, rosacea, psoriasis, and wrinkles can take a heavy toll on self esteem. Skin cancer is an even more worrisome condition in that it can be a serious, life-threatening disease. Yet, even acne can be more than cosmetic—it is an indication that overall health is imbalanced. In this article, I will review skin diseases and nutritional support for skin health. Ultraviolet Protection and Skin Cancer Sunburn increases the risk of developing more than just wrinkled skin—it can result in melanoma, the most fatal form of skin cancer, or the two most common nonmelanoma skin cancers (basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas). Melanoma, which develops from pigment-producing cells called melanocytes, is far more likely to metastasize than the other forms of skin cancer. Because melanocytes produce melanin, melanoma tumors are often brown or black, although they can appear as lighter colors. Although melanoma is almost always curable in its early stages and occurs less frequently than basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas, its penchant for metastasizing means it is the most serious of all the skin cancers. Nonmelanoma cancers are much more common than melanoma and are diagnosed in more than a million people every year in the United States. The two most common forms are basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Basal cell carcinoma, a slow-growing cancer, originates in the lowest layer of the epidermis, called the basal cell layer. Roughly 3 out of 4 skin cancers are basal cell carcinomas, the lesions of which usually manifest on sun-exposed areas such as the head and neck. Basal cell carcinomas rarely metastasize, but if left untreated, they can spread and invade the bone or other subsurface tissues. Squamous cell carcinoma originates in the upper part of the epidermis. Accounting for about 2 out of 10 skin cancers, it usually appears on the face, ear, neck, lips, and backs of the hands. Squamous cell carcinomas are more likely to invade fatty tissues just beneath the skin. Compared to basal cell carcinomas, they are slightly more likely to spread to lymph nodes or distant parts of the body.1 Several other, less common, types of skin cancers comprise less than 1 percent of nonmelanoma skin cancers.1 In fact, most skin tumors are not cancerous and rarely turn into cancers. The standard advice is to always apply sunscreen before going out into the sun. However, as one group of researchers stated, "Sunscreens are useful, but their protection is not adequate to prevent the risk of UV-induced skin cancer. It may be because of inadequate use, incomplete spectral protection and toxicity. Therefore new chemopreventive methods are necessary to protect the skin from photodamaging effects of solar UV radiation."2 A limited amount of sun exposure can actually protect against skin cancer. This is because sunlight-exposed skin manufacturers vitamin D3, which inhibits the proliferation of melanoma cells. After six days of vitamin D3 exposure, the level of surface cell receptors on the melanoma cell surface was reduced by over 40 percent.3-4 Vitamin D3 supplementation can make up for what we do not receive from the sun. I advise patients to consume 1,000 IU per day if they are not receiving frequent sun exposure sans sunscreen. Furthermore, as we age, our ability to manufacture vitamin D3 is impaired, indicating that some supplementation is necessary even when we are exposed to sunlight. A number of other nutritional supplements have been researched for their ability to safely protect the skin from ultraviolet light damage associated with skin cancer and/or from the initiation of cancer itself. Over the last ten years, some of the most promising research has been conducted on silymarin (Milk Thistle or silybum marianum). In mice, silymarin protects against ultraviolet B (UVB) damage in skin. In animals it also prevents the development of UVB-induced biomarkers that signal the probable future development of non-melanoma skin cancer. The mechanism of action thought to be responsible for these effects is silymarin’s ability to prevent DNA damage, enhance DNA repair, inhibit UVB-caused cell death and stop sunburn cell formation.5-6 According to one group of researchers, "Overall, the protective efficacy of silibinin [silybum] against skin cancer is supported by sound mechanistic rationale in animal and cell culture studies, and suggests its potential use for humans." Curcumin, derived from the spice turmeric, is another botanical extensively studied for its effects on skin cancer and its ability to prevent sun damage. In one rodent study, curcumin-treated melanoma cells formed eight-fold fewer lung metastases. In addition, curcumin-treated melanoma cells exhibited a dose-dependent reduction in their ability to bind to tissues by over 50 percent in 24 hours, and by 100 percent after 48 hours of curcumin treatment. This effect persisted even after 15 days of cultivating cells in a curcumin-free medium. Curcumin also enhanced the expression of antimetastatic proteins.7 In another study, curcumin caused cell death in eight melanoma cell lines in both a dose- and time-dependent manner.8 The type of melanoma cells used in the study are strongly resistant to conventional chemotherapy, leading the researchers to state “curcumin may overcome the chemoresistance of these cells and provide potential new avenues for treatment.” Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), the fatty acid found in fish oils, is another nutrient useful in protecting the skin from ultraviolet damage. One group of researchers examined the effect of EPA supplementation on a range of indicators of ultraviolet radiation-induced DNA damage in humans in a double-blind randomized study. Forty-two healthy subjects took 4 grams per day of purified omega-3 EPA or monounsaturated, oleic acid for 3 months. At the end of the study, the EPA skin content showed an 8-fold rise from baseline. Sunburn sensitivity was reduced in subjects taking EPA. In addition, the time it took for the skin to redden after exposure to ultraviolet light increased after EPA supplementation, and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) showed a reduced susceptibility to ultraviolet radiation and reduced strand breaks. No significant changes were seen in any of the above parameters following oleic acid supplementation.9 The researchers concluded that this reduction of early skin damage markers indicates "longer-term supplementation might reduce skin cancer in humans." Docosahexaenoic acid, the other fatty acid found in fish oil, has caused cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (cell death) in melanoma cells.10 Wrinkles and Liver Spots As we age, we develop additional skin-related concerns. DMAE (dimethylaminoethanol) taken orally or applied topically can reduce wrinkles and eliminate liver spots.11 A powerful anti-inflammatory, DMAE is a precursor of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Although acetylcholine is usually associated with brain health, the skin is an active site of acetylcholine synthesis, storage, secretion, metabolism, and receptivity. Acetylcholine receptors have been localized in keratinocytes, melanocytes and dermal fibroblasts. In clinical practice, I have found that high-dose DMAE is especially effective at reducing the lipofuscin that accumulates over time, resulting in the brown liver spots that appear on the skin as we age. I have also created a recipe for a topical—and very affordable—homemade DMAE cream. Empty contents of 1 capsule of DMAE 250 mg, 2 capsules of R-Lipoic acid 50 mg into 1 tablespoon of organic coconut oil in a small bowl. Place bottom of small bowl into larger bowl filled with very warm water to melt the mixture. Blend thoroughly and allow to firm. Try a test dose on a small patch of skin on the thigh or abdomen. Wait 48 hours. to test for any oversensitivity, then apply to facial or body skin twice daily. The skin’s improvement after applying this mixture is enhanced by simultaneously taking DMAE 100 Plus and R-Lipoic acid orally. Another substance that can produce dramatic changes in the skin’s appearance is ribonucleic acid (RNA). Dr. Frank, the noted RNA researcher, reported that in human studies, subjects taking RNA experienced significant improvements in their skin including a healthier, rosier looking tone, an apparent smoothening of the skin of the face, and diminished lines, wrinkles and liver spots. Dr. Frank also observed increases in skin tightness, along with increased hydration. He estimated that the improved skin appearance resulted in an apparent decreased age by ten years or more in older patients (those over 70).12 The aging of connective tissues also involves modifications of collagen. Collagen is the protein that forms connective fibers in tissues such as skin, ligaments, cartilage, bones and teeth, acting as a kind of intracellular glue. Therefore, strengthening collagen is an important aspect of improving skin health. One of the most effective supplements in this regard is vitamin C, which helps prevent collagen breakdown.13 Rosacea One of the most common conditions dermatologists treat, rosacea is a chronic disease of the skin of the face that usually begins between the ages of 30 and 50 and affects an estimated 13 million Americans. It is characterized by papular and pustular acne, redness of the face, and, especially in men, of nodular swelling of the nose called rhinophyma. A large body of evidence is beginning to strongly suggest a link between the ulcer causing bacterium helicobacter pylori and the development of rosacea. A number of studies have investigated h. pylori incidence in rosacea patients and have concluded that there is a greater incidence of this gastric bacterium in people who have this skin condition.14 In one study, researchers assessed the potential association between rosacea severity and evidence of h. pylori infection in 49 rosacea patients. The proportion of patients with inflammatory rosacea who tested positive for h. pylori infection was significantly higher than in patients with non-inflammatory rosacea.15 According to the study authors, "This pilot study provides sufficient evidence suggestive of a positive association between the severity of rosacea and the presence of h. pylori to warrant further research." Other reports not only have suggested an increased prevalence of helicobacter pylori infection in patients with rosacea, but also have provided evidence that there is dermatological improvement in rosacea patients treated with antibiotics for this infection.16 The large number of studies implicating h. pylori in the development of rosacea indicates that mastic gum, shown to eradicate h. pylori from the gut, may help support the skin health of rosacea patients. In vitro tests have revealed that mastic gum was effective in killing 99.9 percent of h. pylori when tested against seven different strains—NCTC 11637 (a standard reference strain) and six clinical isolates, including three resistant to metronidazole. Mastic was equally effective against the drug resistant strains of h. pylori, even at very low concentrations.17 Beyond supplementation, eating a healthy diet filled with plenty of fruits, vegetables, wild seafood and organic meats and avoiding refined carbohydrates and sugar can help support digestive tract health, making it more difficult for h. pylori to reside there. Due to its antibacterial actions, clinicians also have used mild silver protein in rosacea patients with some degree of success. In addition, large doses of MSM have, in some clinical settings, resulted in improvement in rosacea. Furthermore, Dr. John Lee observed many cases in which topical progesterone cream (applied to the site of the rosacea) resulted in significant improvement in female patients.18 Acne One of the most frustrating conditions to plague some adults is acne. In westernized societies, acne vulgaris afflicts 79 to 95 percent of the adolescent population. In men and women older than 25 years, 40 to 54 percent have some degree of facial acne, and clinical facial acne persists into middle age in 12 percent of women and 3 percent of men. Epidemiological evidence suggests that acne incidence rates are considerably lower in nonwesternized societies. In a report published in the Archives of Dermatology, one group of researchers reported on acne prevalence in 2 nonwesternized populations: the Kitavan Islanders of Papua New Guinea and the Aché hunter-gatherers of Paraguay. Of 1,200 Kitavan subjects examined (including 300 aged 15-25 years), no case of acne was observed. Of 115 Aché subjects examined (including 15 aged 15-25 years) over 843 days, no case of active acne was observed. The researchers believed that these astonishing differences in acne rates could not be attributed to genetic factors and make a convincing case for the involvement of diet-induced high insulin levels in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. They noted that the populations studied do not consume sugar or refined carbohydrates.19 In response to the above study, another group of researchers suggested that the low intake of omega-3 fatty acids in the typical western diet and the high intake of proinflammatory omega-6 and trans fatty acids may be the factor accounting for the high acne prevalence. They point out that the involvement of proinflammatory leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in the pathogenesis of acne has recently been described and that administration of an LTB4 blocker led to a 70 percent reduction in inflammatory acne lesions. Omega-3 fatty acids are known to act as natural inhibitors of LTB4.20 Given the poor quality of the average American diet, it is not surprising that other nutrient deficiencies have been linked to acne. Consequently, a multivitamin/mineral supplement containing selenium, vitamins A and E, pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), and zinc (all of which have been found to dramatically improve skin health in acne patients)21-23 should be considered. Zinc is especially important to skin health. Zinc inhibits Propionibacterium acnes, a bacteria located on the skin that may be responsible for acne. Zinc (30 mg per day) has resulted in a reduction of acne lesions and in vitro addition of zinc in the culture media of Propionibacterium acnes reduced resistance of this bacteria to the antibiotic erythromycin.24 Psoriasis Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease that manifests as red papules that join to form plaques with distinct borders. It can range from a minimal cosmetic problem to a life-threatening condition. Many of the skin changes occur due to the rapid turnover of the epidermis in psoriasis patients (35,000 new cells daily for each square centimeter compared to only 1,250 cells per day for normal skin). For more than 30 years, Germany and the Netherlands have used fumaric acid as a psoriasis treatment. Fumaric acid is important in the citric acid cycle, which plays a pivotal role in cellular energy production. Normally, fumaric acid is formed in the skin after sunlight exposure. In psoriasis patients, however, this process is defective and prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light is necessary in order to produce fumaric acid. Extensive research has confirmed fumaric acid’s role in psoriasis support. In one multicenter, prospective study of 70 psoriasis patients, fumaric acid-supplemented patients showed an overall 80 percent decrease in the amount and severity of psoriasis after four months.25 Proinflammatory leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is elevated in psoriasis lesions. LTB4 is a metabolite of the highly inflammatory arachidonic acid. Eicosapentaenoic acid, a major polyunsaturated fatty acid in fish oil, and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), stop arachidonic acid from being converted into LTB4 and cause it to be metabolized into a less inflammatory compound. This may offer an explanation as to why both fish oil and GLA have helped improve skin health in psoriasis patients.26 Finally, in What Your Doctor May Not Tell You About Menopause, Dr. Lee reported that many psoriasis patients experienced a remission after using topical natural progesterone cream.18 Eczema and Dermatitis Eczema is an acute or chronic cutaneous inflammation of the skin with erythema (redness), papules, pustules, scales, crusts, or scabs. Dermatitis is a similar inflammatory skin condition marked by itching, redness, and skin lesions. For both of these conditions, skin irritants such as harsh laundry detergents should be avoided as should temperature extremes and emotional stress. Nutritional support can include supplementation with probiotics (especially Lactobacillus GG), which has improved dermatitis in infants.27 Research also indicates that mothers of infants with atopic dermatitis have significantly decreased proportions of long chain polyunsaturated derivatives (such as gamma linolenic acid-GLA) in their breast milk compared to controls. When treated with GLA-rich evening primrose oil, children and adults with atopic eczema dramatically improved their condition in as little as four weeks.28-29 Conclusion Nourishing our skin’s health is important to both physical and emotional well-being. Undertaking a supplement program to support skin health can help protect against sun damage and various skin conditions, ensuring that our outer layer is as healthy and glowing as our innermost selves. References 1. American Cancer Society website: www.cancer.org.
2. Baliga MS, Katiyar SK. Chemoprevention of photocarcinogenesis by selected dietary botanicals. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2006 Feb;5(2):243-53. Epub 2005 Aug 12.
3. Hansen CM, Madsen MW, Arensbak B, Skak-Nielsen T, Latini S, Binderup L. Down-regulation of laminin-binding integrins by 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human melanoma cells in vitro. Cell Adhes Commun. 1998 Mar;5(2):109-20.
4. Dixon KM, Deo SS, Wong G, Slater M, Norman AW, Bishop JE, Posner GH, Ishizuka S, Halliday GM, Reeve VE, Mason RS. Skin cancer prevention: a possible role of 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogs. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005 Oct;97(1-2):137-43. Epub 2005 Jul 20.
5. Gu M, Dhanalakshmi S, Singh RP, Agarwal R. Dietary feeding of silibinin prevents early biomarkers of UVB radiation-induced carcinogenesis in SKH-1 hairless mouse epidermis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005 May;14(5):1344-9.
6. Singh RP, Agarwal R. Mechanisms and preclinical efficacy of silibinin in preventing skin cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2005 Sep;41(13):1969-79.
7. Ray S, Chattopadhyay N, Mitra A, Siddiqi M, Chatterjee A. Curcumin exhibits antimetastatic properties by modulating integrin receptors, collagenase activity, and expression of Nm23 and E-cadherin. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2003;22(1):49-58.
8. Bush JA, Cheung KJ Jr, Li G. Curcumin induces apoptosis in human melanoma cells through a Fas receptor/caspase-8 pathway independent of p53. Exp Cell Res. 2001 Dec 10;271(2):305-14.
9. Rhodes LE, Shahbakhti H, Azurdia RM, Moison RM, Steenwinkel MJ, Homburg MI, Dean MP, McArdle F, Beijersbergen van Henegouwen GM, Epe B, Vink AA. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid, an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, on UVR-related cancer risk in humans. An assessment of early genotoxic markers. Carcinogenesis. 2003 May;24(5):919-25.
10. Albino AP, Juan G, Traganos F, Reinhart L, Connolly J, Rose DP, Darzynkiewicz Z. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of melanoma cells by docosahexaenoic acid: association with decreased pRb phosphorylation. Cancer Res. 2000 Aug 1;60(15):4139-45.
11. Zs.-Nagy I., Floyd R.A. Electron spin resonance spectroscopic demonstration of the hydroxyl free radical scavenger properties of dimethylaminoethanol in spin trapping experiments confirming the molecular basis for the biological effects of centrophenoxine. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1984 Dec;3(4):297-310.
12. Dean W. Ribonucleic Acid Part Two Review of Potential Effects of Ribonucleic Acid. Vitamin Research News. December 2003/January 2004. Vol. 17, Number 12. Available at www.vrp.com.
13. Malik NS, Meek KM. Vitamins and analgesics in the prevention of collagen ageing. Age Ageing. 1996 Jul;25(4):279-84.
14. Szlachcic A. The link between Helicobacter pylori infection and rosacea. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2002 Jul;16(4):328-33.
15. Diaz C, O’Callaghan CJ, Khan A, Ilchyshyn A. Rosacea: a cutaneous marker of Helicobacter pylori infection? Results of a pilot study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2003;83(4):282-6.
16. Zandi S, Shamsadini S, Zahedi MJ, Hyatbaksh M. Helicobacter pylori and rosacea. East Mediterr Health J. 2003 Jan-Mar;9(1-2):167-71.
17. Huwez FU, Thirlwell D. Mastic Gum Kills Helicobacter pylori. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:1946
18. Lee, John R. What your Doctor may not Tell you about Menopause. Warner Books, New York, New York, USA. 1996:253.
19. Cordain L, Lindeberg S, Hurtado M, Hill K, Eaton SB, Brand-Miller J. Acne Vulgaris: A Disease of Western Civilization. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138(12):1584-1590.
20. Logan AC. Omega-3 fatty acids and acne. Arch Dermatol. 2003 Jul;139(7):941-2; author reply 942-3.
21. Leung LH. Pantothenic acid deficiency as the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. Med Hypotheses. 1995; 44(6):490-2.
22. Michaelsson G, Edqvist LE. Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity in acne vulgaris and the effect of selenium and vitamin E treatment. Acta Derm Venereol. 1984; 64(1):9-14.
23. Ayres S Jr., Mihan R. Acne vulgaris: therapy directed at pathophysiologic defects. Cutis. 1981; 28(1):41-2.
24. Dreno B, Foulc P, Reynaud A, Moyse D, Habert H, Richet H. Effect of zinc gluconate on propionibacterium acnes resistance to erythromycin in patients with inflammatory acne: in vitro and in vivo study. Eur J Dermatol. 2005 May-Jun;15(3):152-5.
25. van Dijk, E. Fumaarzuur voor de behandeling van patienten met psoriasis. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1985; 129(11):485-86.
26. Ziboh VA. Implications of dietary oils and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of cutaneous disorders. Arch Dermatol. 1989 Feb;125(2):241-5.
27. Viljanen M, Savilahti E, Haahtela T, Juntunen-Backman K, Korpela R, Poussa T, Tuure T, Kuitunen M. Probiotics in the treatment of atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome in infants: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Allergy 2005, Apr;60(4):494-500.
28. Biagi PL, Bordoni A, Masi M, Ricci G, Fanelli C, Patrizi A, Ceccolini E. A long-term study on the use of evening primrose oil (Efamol) in atopic children. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1988;14(4):285-90.
29. Businco L, Ioppi M, Morse NL, Nisini R, Wright S. Breast milk from mothers of children with newly developed atopic eczema has low levels of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1993; 91(6):1134-9.

The Centers for Disease Control report that hay fever symptoms result in 14.1 million annual visits to primary care physicians.1 Overt allergic disease affects 20 percent of the US populace with an impact on some 50 million Americans.2-3 Of those that suffer, 35 million are specifically afflicted with seasonal hay fever. If one was to add in to the statistics asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease the numbers become even more staggering. Without question allergic disease is a serious health crisis and is currently ranked the 6th leading cause of chronic disease in the United States.2

Surprisingly, the allergic burden blamed for seasonal and year round allergies is not limited to environmental exposures. Clinically food allergies have been identified as a leading contributor to allergy symptoms. Food allergies can cause numerous respiratory symptoms including: asthma, cough, nasal congestion, excess mucus production, hoarseness, postnasal drip, tonsillitis, sore throat, sneezing and stuffy nose.

Food allergens can be broken down into two categories: Immediate and Delayed. It is the delayed or hidden food allergens that erode away ones health, frequently going undetected since the response is not immediate but rather delayed up to 72 hours, long after the offending food(s) were ingested. Patients experiencing delayed (IgG) food sensitivities will experience a worsening of their environmental allergens. Thus, identifying and controlling food sensitivities is essential.

As spring arrives plants and trees begin to bloom leading to over 31 million cases of sinusitis alone. With the slightest inclination many of these cases could be either totally avoided or managed conservatively. Instead of waiting in anticipation for another season of suffering, one should begin building the health of his or her respiratory system proactively by implementing some simple health principals. This discussion will explain how eliminating offending foods from the diet along with supplementation to augment the body’s natural defenses—with nutrients like quercetin, bromelain and vitamin C—will help support respiratory health.

Allergic Symptoms: A Barometer of the Body’s Preparedness
By definition if allergic symptoms flare up at a specific time of year then they are likely caused by seasonal allergic rhinitis. The body manifests with allergic symptoms because the personal threshold of resistance has been overwhelmed. Outdoor or indoor levels of pollen, spores and pollutants, when combined with daily environmental and food allergen burdens, become too great a challenge for the body to resist. Ideally one builds his or her body’s defenses in a proactive fashion prior to the first signs and symptoms. Yet, if allergies have caught an individual off guard, it is imperative to take action. Though allergy symptoms vary from person to person, it is important to use specific symptoms as a personal barometer of the readiness and success of warding off the infamous biochemical allergic cascade. (Table 1)

Seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis share a common symptom picture. The big difference is that in the case of perennial allergies identifying the cause of symptoms is often more difficult since there can be an overlap between current seasonal allergies and daily allergic burdens such as house dust mites, animal dander, chemical exposures, medicines or foods. Yet regardless of allergic symptoms’ duration, supplementing the body’s defenses is a must to control suffering. Among my favorite respiratory-support nutrients both for my own personal use and for my patients is a combination of quercetin, bromelain and vitamin C. Before discussing in detail the science behind the use of these supplements I will touch upon a common condition that can contribute to the exacerbation of allergic rhinitis and sinusitis—food allergies—as well as the link between heart disease and allergies/sinusitis.

When it comes to allergies the goal is simple, lessen the body’s burden and strengthen its ability to resist the allergic irritants.

Food + Environmental Allergens = Respiratory Distress
One of the easiest ways to lessen personal allergic burden is to recognize that food allergy/sensitivities play a large role in the amount of suffering a person experiences either with seasonal or perennial allergies. This is because it is the total burden on an individual’s system that ultimately determines how readily the body releases histamine and inflammatory substances that lead to many of the miserable symptoms of allergic reactions. Most people are unaware of their food allergies because we have been led to believe that food allergies are related only to asthma and hives—the classic “anaphylactic reactions.” Yet, delayed food allergies are also called hidden food allergies because they can contribute to digestive problems, body aches, headaches and symptoms typically not associated with classic allergy symptoms. The combined environmental and food allergen burden result in total susceptibility to succumbing to allergic symptoms.

ELISA immunoassay testing for delayed food allergies helps identify delayed IgG immunoglobulin allergens. This technology is used worldwide and has now been applied to home test kits that can identify 96 different foods reactions ranging from dairy, wheat, corn, fish, vegetables, fruits, sugar cane, numerous nuts, eggs and other commonly consumed foods. A simple fingerstick done at home, much like that done by diabetics, makes gaining insight into ones own personal delayed food allergies both affordable and convenient. Once collected, the sample is sent from the home to a CLIA (nationally licensed) laboratory. Within a couple of weeks, results are sent back directly to the patient’s home. These results indicate low, moderate or high reactions to different foods.

Choosing the correct laboratory is critical for accurate and reproducible results. The lab that I use in my clinical practice, which offers this home testing option for delayed/hidden food allergies, has an international presence that includes Europe and Asia. This clinically powerful tool can help an individual identify allergies to foods consumed daily that may otherwise go undetected since delayed food allergies can take upwards of 72 hours to manifest their full effect.

Runny Noses and Heart Disease
For individuals willing to endure allergy symptoms, the consequence within the body doesn’t end with a runny nose. Allergies trigger inflammatory responses that can elevate C-reactive protein (CRP), which can accelerate cardiovascular system damage. By controlling allergic symptoms such as sinusitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis or conjunctivitis individuals are simultaneously controlling inflammation—hence the term “-itis,” which simply means inflamed. C-Reactive Protein is a measure of the total amount of inflammation within the body and can be measured with a simple and affordable blood test. The higher the CRP, the higher the heart disease risk, even with a low cholesterol reading.5 Ensuring we maintain a low CRP level is part of a holistic approach to allergy support, helping fuel individual potential for maximal wellness.

Winning the Battle
Moist mucous membranes are resistant and resilient to allergic irritation and possible secondary infection. Staying well hydrated during allergy season—and year round—is important since a healthy individual is comprised of about 70 percent water content.

The smartest approach to battling allergens is avoidance, literally trying to dodge as many pollen molecules as possible. Table 2 outlines ways to minimize pollen exposure.

Anyone suffering from allergy symptoms already knows that this condition can reduce "quality of life" by lessening enjoyment of leisure activities and decreasing the ability to perform tasks at home and work. Researchers have measured substantial impairment in verbal learning, decision making and psychomotor speed in those suffering from allergies.6-7

Recommendations for my patients that are serious about battling allergies include minimizing allergen exposure and supporting the body in controlling the allergic response. The goal is simple—minimize the total burden of allergic exposure by:
• Checking the pollen count (with local media)
• Staying indoors when it is high such as early evening when pollen counts peak
• Sleeping with windows closed
• Driving with vehicle car windows closed
• Wearing a mask when mowing the lawn or better yet hire out the job
• Protecting the eyes with glasses/sun glasses to stop pollen entering the eyes
• Washing hair prior to bed (to rinse out allergens collected throughout the day)
• Staying well hydrated: moist mucous membranes are more resistant to irritation
• Testing for food allergies
• Minimizing mold and mildew in house
• Using Air filters/HEPA for bedroom
• Cleaning central ventilation system in home or office
• Remembering indoor/outdoor pets (carry pollen and allergens on their fur)
• Cleaning carpets regularly with a HEPA vacuum

Nutritional Support for Allergies
The above recommendations may look simple enough, yet total avoidance is neither practical or feasible. Therefore proactively strengthening defenses with strategic supplementation can help an individual cope with this frustrating condition. Consequently, when pollen, dust and other allergens begin to fly the body will have been fortified and prepared for the impending barrage.

The foundation of natural medicine is best captured by the doctrine stated 400 BC by Hippocrates, the father of western medicine, “May your food be your medicine and your medicine be your food.” Indeed, when supplementing with plant based medicinals like quercetin, bromelain and vitamin C, one actually nourishes the body rather than merely treating allergic symptoms, leaving the body stronger and healthier overall.

Quercetin
My strong recommendation for my patients with allergies is quercetin in conjunction with bromelain. Quercetin is a naturally occurring polyphenolic plant compound. Quercetin actually helps prevent histamine release from mast cells (immune cells); this is in sharp contrast to prescription and over-the-counter antihistamine drugs that merely seek an “antidote” to histamine’s effects. Quercetin supports the body by increasing its resistance to allergic response.

Mast cells play an important role within the body relative to allergies, immunity and inflammation. As with all aspects of health one can have too much of a good thing. For instance, mast cells play a role in creating the momentary watering of an eye to flush out a speck of dirt, yet in an undernourished or overwhelmed body excess mast cell stimulation leads to unnecessary and preventable misery.

Quercetin serves as a potent inhibitor of histamine and cytokine release from mast cells and basophils. Recent research has concluded that quercetin is suitable for the support of allergic and inflammatory diseases.8 When compared to one potent mast cell stabilizing drug, quercetin had twice the effect on nasal mast cell scrapings when given at the same concentration as the drug.9

Quercetin embodies the concept of holistic care. While combating the allergic cascade it simultaneously nourishes and helps protect against chronic diseases. In a progressive study, it was clearly demonstrated that those with higher quercetin intakes had lower mortality from ischemic heart disease, lower lung cancer and asthma rates and a trend toward a reduction in risk of type 2 diabetes. The researchers concluded, “The risk of some chronic diseases may be lower at higher dietary flavonoid intakes.”10

Bromelain
Bromelain, a powerful anti-inflammatory, is a glycoprotein with proteolytic enzyme properties. Derived from the stem of the pineapple plant, it confers both anti-inflammatory and mucolytic properties thus decreasing congestion and irritation of the mucous membranes bombarded during allergy season.11 The mucolytic properties are particularly important, since the addition of excess mucous creates a superb breeding ground for bacteria. All too frequently a secondary opportunistic infection tries to move into the sinuses or bronchial airway thanks in large part to uncontrolled inflammation and copious quantities of mucous. The result is frequently one of the inflammatory “itis” conditions: sinusitis, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, pharnygitis and potential bronchitis. Bromelain’s ability to reduce levels of plasma kininogen down regulates the production of kinin, a group of pain-inducing polypeptides. It also activates plasmin, the mechanism by which bromelain reduces edematous swelling of airway tissue, such as nasal congestion, and helps quench the pervasive inflammation.12-13

A study evaluated bromelain’s use in 116 children under the age of 11 years diagnosed with acute sinusitis. Patients were treated with either bromelain; bromelain combined with standard therapies; or with standard therapies alone. Symptom duration determined the success of the various therapies. The shortest period of symptoms were observed in patients treated with bromelain as an isolated therapy.

According to the researchers, “Patients of the bromelain monotherapy group showed a statistically significant faster recovery from symptoms compared to the other treatment groups.”13-14

Due to its efficacy after oral administration, its safety and lack of undesired side effects, bromelain has become an internationally revered nutraceutical that helps ameliorate sinusitis and bronchitis. It has also been shown to lessen blood stickiness, angina pectoris, post-surgical traumas, thrombophlebitis, pyelonephritis and can actually enhance absorption of drugs, particularly various antibiotics.15

Vitamin C
Lower vitamin C concentrations were observed among people with current or former asthma than among people who never had asthma.16 During infections and stress, vitamin C concentrations in the plasma and leukocytes (white blood cells) rapidly decline. Vitamin C supplementation improves immune function such as antimicrobial and natural killer cell activities, lymphocyte proliferation, chemotaxis, and delayed-type hypersensitivity. Furthermore, vitamin C protects cellular integrity against reactive oxygen species (free radicals) generated during inflammatory responses like those that occur during allergic reactivity and infections.17

Further emphasizing the importance of vitamin C and other antioxidants was a study that points to asthma diagnosis as it relates to antioxidant status. Lower levels of serum vitamin C, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin were noted in those with asthma. The authors concluded that low vitamin C and alpha-carotene intakes are associated with asthma risk.18-19

The authors of another study also conclude that vitamin C plays an essential role in defending against oxidant attack in the airways. In fact they go as far to suggest that the results point to vitamin C deficiency as either a possible underlying factor in the pathophysiology of asthma or as a response to asthmatic airways inflammation.20 Furthermore, vitamin C levels have been found to be lower in children with chronic sinusitis.21 This indicates that allergic rhinitis or asthma—both conditions characterized by airway passage inflammation—require sufficient quenching and control with antioxidants such as vitamin C, protection with nutrients such as quercetin and direct anti-inflammatory control with proteolytics such as bromelain.

Summary
The scientific research and my clinical experience both lead to the same conclusion: the use of quercetin, bromelain and vitamin C serve as important supplements when it comes to helping control allergic symptoms, sinusitis and asthma. Identifying hidden food allergies also helps take an unnecessary burden from the body. When combined with supplementation and an active allergen surveillance program, tracking food allergies serves as the cornerstone for those serious about allergy symptom management and whole body health.

Chris Meletis, ND
Dr. Chris D. Meletis is an educator, international author and lecturer. His personal mission is “Changing America’s Health One Person at a Time.” He believes that when people become educated about their health that this is when true wellness is achieved.

Dr. Meletis has authored 14 books and was awarded the 2003 naturopathic physician of the year by the American Association of Naturopathic Physicians. He has also written over 200 nationally published health and wellness articles. He served as Chief Medical Officer and Dean of Naturopathic Medicine for the National College of Naturopathic Medicine and has participated in starting 16 clinics providing care for uninsured families.

References
1. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey; 2002 Summary, table 13.

2. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. Task Force on Allergic Disorders. Executive Summary Report. 1998.

3. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. The Allergy Report: Science Based Findings on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergic Disorders, 1996-2001.

4. Nathan RA, Meltzer EO, Selner JC, Storms W. Prevalence of Allergic Rhinitis in the United States. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1997) 99:S808-14.

5. Ridker PM, Cannon CP, Morrow D, Rifai N, Rose LM, McCabe CH, Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E. C-Reactive Protein Levels and Outcomes after Statin Therapy (2005) 352:20-28.

6. Marshall PS. Effects of allergy season on mood and cognitive function. Ann Allergy (1993) 71:251-258.

7. Metlzer EO, Nathan RA, Seiner JC, Storms W. Quality of life and rhinitic symptoms: results of a nationwide survey with SF-36 and RQLQ questionnaires. J Allergy Clin Immunol (1997):99:815-19.

8. Kempuraj D, Madhappan B, Christodoulou S, Boucher W, Cao J, Papadopoulou N, Cetrulo CL, Theoharides TC. Flavonols inhibit proinflammatory mediator release, intracellular calcium ion levels and protein kinase C theta phosphorylation in human mast cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2005 Aug;145(7):934-44.

9. Otsuka H, Inaba M, Fujikura T, Kunitomo M. Histochemical and functional characteristics of metachromic cells in the nasal epithelium in allergic rhinitis: studies of nasal scraping and their dispersed cells. J Allergy Clinic Immunol 1995; 96:528-36.

10. Knekt P, Kumpulainen J, Jarvinen R, Rissanen H, Heliovaara M, Reunanen A, Hakulinen T, Aromaa A. Flavonoid intake and risk of chronic diseases. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Sep;76(3):560-8.

11. Rimoldi R, Ginesu F, Giura R. The use of bromelain in pneumological therapy. Drugs Exp Clin Res (1978) 4:55-66.

12. Taussig S. The mechanism of the physiological action of bromelain. Med Hypothesis (1980) 6:99-104.

13. Kelly GS. Bromelain: a literature review and discussion of its therapeutic applications. Altern Med Rev. 1996; 1:243-57.

14. Braun JM, Schneider B, Beuth HJ. Therapeutic use, efficiency and safety of the proteolytic pineapple enzyme Bromelain-POS in children with acute sinusitis in Germany. In Vivo. 2005 Mar-Apr;19(2):417-21.

15. Maurer HR. Bromelain: biochemistry, pharmacology and medical use. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2001 Aug;58(9):1234-45.

16. Ford ES, Mannino DM, Redd SC. Serum antioxidant concentrations among U.S. adults with self-reported asthma. J Asthma. 2004 Apr;41(2):179-87.

17. Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Immune-enhancing role of vitamin C and zinc and effect on clinical conditions. Ann Nutr Metab. 2006;50(2):85-94. Epub 2005 Dec 21.

18. Harik-Khan RI, Muller DC, Wise RA. Serum vitamin levels and the risk of asthma in children. Am J Epidemiol. 2004 Feb 19;159(4):351-7.

19. Rubin RN, Navon L, Cassano PA. Relationship of serum antioxidants to asthma prevalence in youth. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004 Feb 1;169(3):393-8.

20. Kongerud J, Crissman K, Hatch G, Alexis N.Ascorbic acid is decreased in induced sputum of mild asthmatics. Inhal Toxicol. 2003 Feb;15(2):101-9.

21. Unal M, Tamer L, Pata YS, Kilic S, Degirmenci U, Akbas Y, Gorur K, Atik U Serum levels of antioxidant vitamins, copper, zinc and magnesium in children with chronic rhinosinusitis. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2004;18(2):189-92.

Hundreds of studies exist showing the many health benefits of green tea. But what makes it the most consumed beverage in the world after water is its pleasant taste and relaxation effect. Both of these qualities—and more—can be traced to a unique, neurologically-active amino acid in tea called L-theanine (gamma-ethylamino-L-glutamic acid).

L-theanine is a free (non-protein) amino acid found almost exclusively in tea plants (Camellia sp.), constituting between 1 and 2-percent of the dry weight of tea leaves. It is the predominant amino acid in green tea leaves, giving tea its characteristic umami or 5th taste (besides the four traditional tastes: sweet, salty, acid, and bitter). Attempts to isolate the L-theanine, with its physical and neurological benefits, from the tea leaves were once difficult, expensive, and inefficient. Economically feasible methods of producing the identical L-theanine now exist and do not require a mountain of tea leaves.

Physiological Effects
Green tea’s calming effect may seem contradictory to the stimulatory property of tea’s caffeine content but it can be explained by the action of L-theanine. This amino acid actually acts antagonistically against the stimulatory effects of caffeine on the nervous system.1 Research on human volunteers has demonstrated that L-theanine creates a sense of relaxation in approximately 30-40 minutes after ingestion via at least two different mechanisms. First, this amino acid directly stimulates the production of alpha brain waves, creating a state of deep relaxation and mental alertness similar to what is achieved through meditation. Second, L-theanine is involved in the formation of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma amino butyric acid (GABA). GABA influences the levels of two other neurotransmitters, dopamine and serotonin, producing the key relaxation effect.2

Alpha Brain Activity
The brain emits weak electrical impulses (brain waves) that can be measured on the surface of the head. The predominant frequency of electrical impulses correlates with different types of mental states and activities. Brain waves are classified into four categories (delta, theta, alpha, and beta)—each with an associated mental state (Fig. 1). Delta is seen only in the deepest stages of sleep. Theta is seen in light sleep and drowsiness. Alpha is present in wakefulness where there is a relaxed and effortless alertness and Beta is seen in highly stressful situations and where there is difficulty in mental concentration and focus. It is well known that alpha brain waves are generated during a relaxed state and therefore alpha waves are used as an index of relaxation.

In one study of these mental responses to L-theanine, brain wave topography showed that alpha waves were observed from the back to the top of a person’s head (occipital and parietal regions of the brain) within approximately 40 minutes after the subjects had taken either 50 or 200 mg of L-theanine. In a separate study, the intensity of alpha waves were determined to be dose dependent (with a 200 mg dose showing a significant increase over controls) and detectable after 30 minutes.2-3

Additional Benefits
L-theanine exerts subtle changes in biochemistry comparable to massage and a relaxing hot bath. L-theanine’s effects are similar to those of adaptogens in that there is modulation in the balance of neurotransmitters. L-theanine has a significant effect on the release or reduction of neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin, resulting in improved memory and learning ability. L-theanine may also influence emotions due to its effects on the increased release of dopamine. L-theanine reduces brain serotonin concentration by either curtailing serotonin synthesis or increasing degradation in the brain. Whereas too little serotonin is associated with depression, increased levels of serotonin are associated with anxiety.

The regulation of blood pressure is partly dependent upon catecholaminergic and serotonergic neurons in both the brain and the peripheral nervous system. Studies on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) showed an impressive blood pressure lowering effect with L-theanine. The lowered blood pressure effect was dose-dependent with the highest test dose creating the most significant drop. L-glutamine was used as one of the controls. Although L-glutamine is similar in chemical structure to L-theanine, it did not exhibit an anti-hypertensive effect (Fig. 2).3

Preliminary studies report that L-theanine has been found to increase the anti-tumor activity of some chemotherapeutic agents (doxorubicin and idarubicin) and to ameliorate some of the side effects of these drugs. It appears to increase the inhibitory concentration of these drugs in the tumor cells, although the mechanism is not known. At the same time, L-theanine decreased oxidative stress caused by these agents on the normal cells, possibly due to its mild antioxidant activity. In this regard, L-theanine has been shown to inhibit lipid peroxidation, catalyzed by copper, in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in vitro.4

Stress Relief
Stress and anxiety are debilitating conditions that upset the balance of our hormones leading to a loss of our well-being, performance—even lifespan. Stress impairs the immune system, leaving us vulnerable to opportunistic infections, and can cause depression. In 1998, pharmaceutical sales of anti-anxiety drugs totaled over 700 million dollars, while sales of antidepressants totaled close to 5 billion dollars! People under stress can mitigate many of the harmful effects of stress with L-theanine without becoming sedated in the process. It should be noted that if an individual were already relaxed, taking L-theanine would not produce further relaxation.

Status and Usage
Japan is credited with most of the clinical studies and information we possess thus far on L-theanine, particularly on a well-researched form of L-theanine called Suntheanine®. We know that L-theanine is absorbed from the small intestine via a sodium-coupled active transport process. It crosses the blood-brain barrier, as evidenced by the mental effects. L-theanine competes for absorption in the intestinal tract and the brain with the amino acids found in the methionine group (leucine, isoleucine, and valine); however, amino acid concentrations are unchanged by simultaneous ingestion of L-theanine.

L-theanine is extremely safe. There are no dietary limits on L-theanine intake by the Japan Food Additive Association. In 1964, the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare approved L-theanine for unlimited use in all foods, with the exception of infant foods.

The intended use of L-theanine is that of a mental and physical relaxant that does not induce drowsiness. Although there is no set schedule for taking L-theanine, it may generally be taken at the first signs of stress. Based on the results of the clinical studies, L-theanine is most effective in the range of 50-200 mg, with the effect being felt within 30 minutes and lasting for 8-10 hours. Individuals with high stress levels may increase their dosage of L-theanine to at least 100 mg, with no more than 600 mg being taken in a six hour period. FDA recommends a maximum dose of 1,200 mg per day, although the reason for this limit is not clear, due to its demonstrated safety. There are no known adverse reactions to L-theanine and no drug interactions have been reported. L-theanine is not affected by food and may be taken anytime, as needed. Because it has a mild taste, capsules may be opened and dissolved in water. Although it is probably safe for pregnant women and nursing mothers, I discourage its use by them pending conclusive research.

Conclusion
Research into L-theanine is derived from the contradictory observation that green tea, with its high caffeine content, produces a very calming effect. The seemingly multi-dimensional reasons for this relaxation effect will continue to be studied. Current areas of ongoing research include using L-theanine to calm hyperactivity in children and adults, as support for PMS sufferers, to support healthy blood pressure levels, to sharpen mental acuity and concentration, and as an anti-cancer agent alone and in synergy with other cancer-fighting agents. L-theanine may find another area of application in reducing the negative side effects of caffeine brought on by the over-consumption of coffee, soft drinks, or other caffeine-containing substances.

References
1. Kakuda T, Nozawa A, Unno T, et al. Inhibiting effects of theanine on caffeine stimulation evaluated by EEG in the rat. Biosci Biotechno Biochem 2000; 64:287-293.

2. Mason R. 200 mg of Zen; L-theanine boosts alpha waves, promotes alert relaxation. Alternative & Complementary Therapies 2001,April; 7:91-95

3. Juneja LR, Chu D-C, Okubo T, et al. L-theanine a unique amino acid of green tea and its relaxation effect in humans. Trends Food Sci Tech 1999; 10:199-204.

4. Yokozawa T, Dong E. Influence of green tea and its three major components upon low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Exp Toxicol Pathol 1997; 49(5):329-335.

The health of the human colon plays an integral role in our overall well being, reflecting the status of our body as a whole. Furthermore, anyone who has suffered from an intestinal disorder realizes that a poorly functioning colon can take a heavy toll on quality of life.

Nerves, hormones, and impulses in the colon muscles control colon motility (the contraction of colon muscles and the movement of colon contents). These contractions move the contents inside the colon toward the rectum. However, if the muscles of the colon, sphincters, and pelvis do not contract in the right way, the colon’s contents do not move correctly, resulting in abdominal pain, cramps, constipation, a sense of incomplete stool movement, or diarrhea.

Colon function abnormalities can result in intestinal disorders including irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and colon cancer.1 This article will address these forms of intestinal disorders and show what can be done to support colon health.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome
As many as 20 percent of adults—one in five Americans—has irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms, making it one of the most common disorders diagnosed by doctors. It occurs more often in women than in men.2

Abdominal pain, bloating, discomfort, constipation, diarrhea and cramping are the main IBS symptoms, which can vary from person to person. In some IBS sufferers, symptoms subside for a few months and then return, while others report a constant worsening of symptoms over time.

Researchers have yet to discover any specific cause for IBS, but one theory is that IBS patients have a colon particularly sensitive to certain foods and stress. Immune system dysfunction may also be involved. Furthermore, normal motility may be impaired in an IBS-affected colon, which can be spasmodic or even stop working temporarily.3

Recent research has reported that serotonin also is linked with normal gastrointestinal functioning, not surprising when one considers that 95 percent of the body’s serotonin is located in the GI tract.4

Other research implies that a bacterial infection in the gastrointestinal tract, possibly helicobacter pylori, causes IBS.5 Imbalances in reproductive hormones also can worsen this condition as women with IBS may have more symptoms during menstruation.6

Ulcerative Colitis
In ulcerative colitis, ulcers form where inflammation has killed the cells lining the colon and rectum. The ulcers then bleed and produce pus. Inflammation causes the colon to empty frequently, causing diarrhea.

Ulcerative colitis can be difficult to diagnose because its symptoms are similar to other intestinal disorders, especially Crohn’s disease. However, Crohn’s disease causes inflammation deeper within the intestinal wall and can occur in other parts of the digestive system including the small intestine, mouth, esophagus, and stomach. Ulcerative colitis affects men and women equally and appears to run in families.7

The most common ulcerative colitis symptoms are abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea. Patients also may experience anemia, fatigue, rectal bleeding, loss of body fluids and nutrients, skin lesions, nausea, frequent fevers, joint pain, and growth failure in children. Ulcerative colitis may also cause arthritis, eye inflammation, liver disease, and osteoporosis.

Marked by the immune system reacting abnormally to digestive tract bacteria, ulcerative colitis may be worsened by emotional distress or sensitivity to certain foods.7

Crohn’s Disease
Crohn’s disease is an ongoing disorder that causes inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. It can affect any area of the GI tract, but it most commonly affects the lower part of the small intestine, or ileum. The swelling, which extends deep into the lining of the affected organ, can cause pain and can make the intestines empty frequently, resulting in diarrhea. Crohn’s disease occurs in men and women equally and, like ulcerative colitis, seems to run in some families.

The most popular theory about what causes this disease is that the body’s immune system reacts abnormally, mistaking foods and other substances as foreign and attacking these "invaders". During this process, white blood cells accumulate in the intestinal lining, producing chronic inflammation, which leads to ulcerations and bowel injury.8

Crohn’s disease patients often experience decreased appetite, which can affect their ability to receive nutrition needed for good health. In addition, Crohn’s disease is associated with diarrhea and poor absorption of necessary nutrients. Consequently, Crohn’s disease patients should follow a nutritious diet, avoid foods that seem to worsen symptoms9 and consume a multivitamin.

Colon Cancer
Colorectal cancer is the third most common form of cancer and the second leading cause of death among cancers in the Western world. Many colorectal cancers are thought to arise from adenomatous colon polyps, mushroom-like growths that may develop into cancer over time.11 These lesions can be detected and removed during colonoscopy. Studies show this procedure would decrease by greater than 80 percent the cancer death risk, provided this testing started by the age of 50, and is repeated every 5 or 10 years.10,16

Certain factors increase a person"s risk of developing the disease such as increased age; a history of cancer of the ovary, uterus, or breast; a family history of colon cancer, especially in a close relative before the age of 55 or multiple relatives; long-standing ulcerative colitis or Crohn"s disease; being a smoker;12 and consuming a diet high in hormone and antibiotic-containing red meat and low in fiber, fresh fruit, vegetables, poultry and fish.13 Exposure to some viruses, such as particular strains of human papilloma virus, may be associated with colorectal cancer.15 Conversely, physically active individuals are at lower risk of developing colorectal cancer.14 Accordingly, lifestyle changes could decrease colorectal cancer risk as much as 60-80 percent.16-18

Natural Support
In ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease and IBS, natural substances can play a role in alleviating intestinal symptoms and restoring quality of life. Although a comprehensive nutritional protocol is described below, success is often achieved through experimenting with one or two of the nutrients mentioned in order to determine if one or more of the supplements will be effective in individual cases.

Dietary fiber may lessen IBS symptoms, particularly constipation. High-fiber diets keep the colon mildly distended, which may prevent spasms. Some forms of fiber keep water in the stool, preventing hard, difficult-to-pass stools.6 Increased dietary fiber (with a high-fiber diet and/or supplement such as Detox Fiberplex) can normalize motility and alleviate IBS-related constipation and diarrhea.19

Triphala, an Ayurvedic combination of three herbs with unique laxative qualities, also can help nourish and regulate the gut. Triphala is of special help when the primary symptom of any of the inflammatory bowel diseases is chronic constipation with the associated discomfort of gas and bloating. The gentle laxative properties are without the negative side effects associated with other more powerful laxatives. Triphala increases bile production and peristalsis and enhances nutritional uptake while simultaneously aiding in proper elimination.20

In numerous studies, evidence has mounted for probiotics’ use in irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn’s disease. Probiotics such as Lactobacillus GG are rapidly moving into clinical usage for gastrointestinal disorders, and scientific studies are providing mechanisms of action to explain the effects. Randomized controlled trials provide additional evidence that probiotics can support colon health.21

Another supplement shown to promote the health of individuals with intestinal disorders is SeaCure™. Made from deep-ocean white fish fillets, it is an excellent source of pre-digested proteins and small-chain peptide amino acids. These bioactive polypeptides help heal the smooth muscle and mucosal lining of the GI tract and improve overall gut integrity in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.22

Mastic gum is another substance that may support individuals with ulcerative colitis and IBS, due to the potential h. pylori component of these diseases. Research supports mastic’s use to restore and maintain proper gastrointestinal and digestive function and to heal damaged stomach tissues. Mastic gum exhibits powerful antibacterial activity against seven separate h. pylori strains.23

Emerging research on curcumin, the active ingredient in turmeric (Curcuma longa), indicates that it, too, may help support the health of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease patients. Curcumin, which previously reduced colon cancer incidence in animals, caused a clear reduction in intestinal inflammation in mice. Curcumin also improved intestinal cell function during induced colitis while reducing mucosal ulceration and inflammatory cell proliferation.24

Tumor Inhibition
In regards to colon cancer, when taking either a proactive stance or finding support for an already present mutagenic concern, the approach is slightly different than when dealing with inflammatory bowel diseases.

Vitamin D, folic acid, calcium, and fish oil have all decreased colon carcinogenesis in preclinical models. Some studies show full inhibition of carcinogen-induced tumors in the colon of rats. Other studies show strong inhibition of spontaneous intestinal polyps in mutated mice that have consumed these nutrients.16-17,25 As previously mentioned, turmeric has reduced the occurrence of colon cancer in animals and may serve as another colon-protective nutrient. High consumption of dietary fiber also has been linked to reduced colon cancer incidence. Therefore, fiber supplements may help play a role in maintaining colon health.

Furthermore, clinical studies have shown that Modified Citrus Pectin (MCP) may shrink tumor growth, inhibit angiogenesis and block cancer metastasis. It has been tested on melanomas, colon, prostate, and breast cancers. Specifically, MCP is rich in galactoside residues that have a natural affinity to cancer cells that have galectin-3 receptors. As MCP binds to the cancer cells, it ties up these receptors so that it interferes with the cancer cells’ ability to grow and metastasize.18

Conclusion
Paying attention to colon health can play an important role in overall well being. Certain vitamins and botanicals can help support the colon in individuals suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases as well as in individuals who want to protect the overall health of their colon. However, effective strategies are individualized and a certain amount of experimentation may be necessary.

References
1. Robert Beart, M.D., University of Southern California; James W. Fleshman, M.D., Washington University and Barnes-Jewish Hospital; Kevan Jacobson, M.B.B.Ch, B.C."s [British Columbia, Canada"s] Children"s Hospital; Joseph Levy, M.D., Children"s Hospital of New York-Presbyterian; and John H. Pemberton, M.D., Mayo Clinic.NIH Publication No. 05–5120 February 2005.

2. Andrews EB, Eaton SC, Hollis KA, Hopkins JS, Ameen V, Hamm LR, Cook SF, Tennis P, Mangel AW. Prevalence and demographics of irritable bowel syndrome: results from a large web-based survey. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Nov 15;22(10):935-42.

3. Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation of America; NIH Publication No. 06–1597 February 2006.

4. Tack J, Broekaert D, Corsetti M, Fischler B, Janssens J. Influence of acute serotonin reuptake inhibition on colonic sensorimotorfunction in man. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Jan 15;23(2):265-74.

5. Parry S, Forgets I. Intestinal infection and irritable bowel syndrome. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Jan;17(1):5-9.

6. Saito YA, Locke GR 3rd, Weaver AL, Zinsmeister AR, Talley NJ. Diet and functional gastrointestinal disorders: a population-based case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 Dec;100(12):2743-8.

7. Binder V. Epidemiology of IBD during the twentieth century: an integrated view. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2004 Jun;18(3):463-79.

8. Crohn’s and Colitis foundation of America. NIH Publication No. 06–3410. February 2006.

9. Loftus EV Jr. Clinical epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: Incidence, prevalence, and environmental influences. Gastroenterology. 2004 May;126(6):1504-17.

10. Hendon SE, DiPalma JA. U.S. practices for colon cancer screening. Keio J Med. 2005 Dec;54(4):179-83.

11. Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Ho MN, O"Brien MJ, Gottlieb LS, Sternberg SS, Waye JD, Schapiro M, Bond JH, Panish JF, Ackroyd F, Shike M, Kurtz RC, Hornsby-Lewis L, Gerdes H, Stewart ET, The National Polyp Study Workgroup. Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1977-81.

12. Emmons KM, McBride CM, Puleo E, Pollak KI, Clipp E, Kuntz K, Marcus BH, Napolitano M, Onken J, Farraye F, Fletcher R. Project PREVENT: a randomized trial to reduce multiple behavioral risk factors for colon cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005 Jun;14(6):1453-9.

13. Chao A, Thun MJ, Connell CJ, McCullough ML, Jacobs EJ, Flanders WD, Rodriguez C, Sinha R, Calle EE. Meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer. JAMA 2005;293:172-82

14. Schnohr P, Gronbaek M, Petersen L, Hein HO, Sorensen TI. Physical activity in leisure-time and risk of cancer: 14-year follow-up of 28,000 Danish men and women. Scand J Public Health. 2005;33(4):244-9.

15. Perez LO, Abba MC, Laguens RM, Golijow CD. Analysis of adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum: detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA by polymerase chain reaction. Colorectal Dis. 2005 Sep;7(5):492-5.

16. Crespi M. Models of screening program for colorectal cancer. Med Arh. 2002;56(1 Suppl 1):47-9.

17. Kang SY, Seeram NP, Nair MG, Bourquin LD. Tart cherry anthocyanins inhibit tumor development in Apc(Min) mice and reduce proliferation of human colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 2003 May 8;194(1):13-9.

18. Vanamala J, Leonardi T, Patil BS, Taddeo SS, Murphy ME, Pike LM, Chapkin RS, Lupton JR, Turner ND. Suppression of colon carcinogenesis by bioactive compounds in grapefruit. Carcinogenesis. 2005 Dec 29.

19. Galvez J, Rodriguez-Cabezas ME, Zarzuelo A. Effects of dietary fiber on inflammatory bowel disease. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2005 Jun;49(6):601-8.

20. Tamhane MD, Thorat SP, Rege NN, Dahanukar SA. Effect of oral administration of Terminalia chebula on gastric emptying: an experimental study. J Postgrad Med 1997 Jan-Mar;43(1):12-3.

21. Penner R, Fedorak RN, Madsen KL. Probiotics and nutraceuticals: non-medicinal treatments of gastrointestinal diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2005 Dec;5(6):596-603. Epub 2005 Oct 7.

22. Hoerr RA, Bostwick EF. Bioactive proteins and probiotic bacteria: modulators of nutritional health. Nutrition. 2000 Jul-Aug;16(7-8):711-3.

23. Parry S, Forgets I.Intestinal infection and irritable bowel syndrome. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Jan;17(1):5-9.

24. Shishodia S, Sethi G, Aggarwal BB. Curcumin: getting back to the roots. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005 Nov;1056:206-17.

25. Bougnoux P, Menanteau J. Dietary fatty acids and experimental carcinogenesis. [Article in French]. Bull Cancer. 2005 Jul;92(7):685-96.

Pomegranates Stop Progression of Prostate Cancer Cells Researchers have found that pomegranate fruit extract (PFE) inhibited prostate cancer cell growth and triggered cell death in a highly aggressive human prostate cancer cell line and caused similar effects when administered to rodents. Because prostate cancer is typically diagnosed in men over 50 years of age, it is an ideal candidate for chemoprevention because even a modest delay in disease progression achieved through pharmacological or nutritional intervention could significantly impact the quality of life of prostate cancer patients. Consequently, the researchers of the current study as well as other scientists have proposed the use of dietary antioxidants as possible chemopreventive agents. The pomegranate fruit, derived from the tree Punica granatum, has been shown to possess strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In a recent study, researchers showed that pomegranate fruit extract inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis (programmed cell death) in a highly aggressive human prostate cancer cell line. The same researchers followed up their cell culture experiment with a study that tested the oral administration of a human acceptable dose of pomegranate fruit extract on mice implanted with prostate cancer cells. In mice treated with pomegranate fruit extract there was a significant inhibition of tumor growth. In addition, pomegranate fruit also reduced secretion of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the serum of the animals. According to the scientists, “The outcome of this study could have a direct practical implication and translational relevance to prostate cancer patients, because it suggests that pomegranate consumption may retard prostate cancer progression, which may prolong the survival and quality of life of the patients.” Reference Malik A, Mukhtar H. Prostate Cancer Prevention Through Pomegranate Fruit. Cell Cycle. 2006 Feb 15;5(4) [Epub ahead of print] Pomegranate extract is found in VRP’s C-Mend.

Vitamin C Intake Associated with Healthy Levels of Inflammatory Markers Plasma vitamin C levels and dietary intake of vitamin C were associated with reduced levels of various markers of inflammation, researchers have found. In older men free of heart disease, the investigators examined the associations between dietary and plasma vitamin C concentrations, fruit and vegetable intakes, and markers of inflammation and blood coagulation associated with cardiovascular disease. The study examined 3,258 men aged 60-79 years old with no physician diagnosis of myocardial infarction, stroke, or diabetes and who were drawn from general practices in 24 British towns. Fruit and vegetable intakes and dietary vitamin C were assessed by using a food-frequency questionnaire. Subjects who had the highest concentrations of plasma vitamin C, fruit intake, and dietary vitamin C intake had significantly lower mean concentrations of C-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker associated with heart disease and cancer. Subjects with the highest vitamin C levels, fruit intake, and dietary vitamin C intake also had significantly lower levels of tissue plasminogen activator antigen, a marker of endothelial dysfunction. High vitamin C blood levels were associated with a 45 percent reduced risk of CRP-caused inflammation. High fruit intake resulted in a 25 percent reduced risk of inflammation. High plasma (but not dietary) vitamin C levels also were associated with lower fibrinogen concentrations and reduced blood viscosity. The study authors concluded, "The findings suggest that vitamin C has anti-inflammatory effects and is associated with lower endothelial dysfunction in men with no history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes." Reference Wannamethee SG, Lowe GD, Rumley A, Bruckdorfer KR, Whincup PH. Associations of vitamin C status, fruit and vegetable intakes, and markers of inflammation and hemostasis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Mar;83(3):567-574.

Calcium Supplements May Contribute to a Healthy Pregnancy In pregnant women with low calcium intake, calcium supplements reduce the severity of pre-eclampsia and mortality rates in mothers and infants, a new study by the World Health Organization (WHO) has found. Pre-eclampsia is a condition where the mother’s blood pressure rises to the hypertensive range during pregnancy. It can be a life-threatening complication for both the mother and child if it escalates into eclampsia. In the current randomized placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial, researchers studied 8,325 women with normal blood pressure who had never given birth. The participants included in the study were known to consume low amounts of calcium (less than 600 mg per day). During the trial, the subjects received 1.5 grams of calcium carbonate per day or a placebo. Calcium supplementation was associated with a non-statistically significant small reduction in pre-eclampsia evident by 35 weeks of gestation. However, eclampsia and severe gestational hypertension were significantly lower in the calcium group. Overall, there was a 25 percent reduction in severe pre-eclamptic complications and a reduction in severe maternal morbidity and mortality and neonatal mortality in the calcium group. In the calcium group, general survival rates of the infants increased by 30 percent. Analysis of sub groups within the study population indicated that calcium supplementation reduced the occurrence of premature births among women younger than 20, a group normally at high risk of complications. The researchers concluded that a supplement providing 1.5 grams of calcium per day “did not prevent pre-eclampsia but did reduce its severity.” They also concluded that calcium reduced the secondary outcomes of maternal morbidity and neonatal mortality. The researchers suggested that, for women with low calcium intakes, simply taking a prenatal vitamin many not be enough and additional calcium supplementation may be necessary. Reference Villar J, Abdel-Aleem H, Merialdi M, Mathai M, Ali MM, Zavaleta N, Purwar M, Hofmeyr J, Nguyen TN, Campodonico L, Landoulsi S, Carroli G, Lindheimer M. World Health Organization randomized trial of calcium supplementation among low calcium intake pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Mar;194(3):639-49.